Stephen+Hawking+09

(1942-)**       Stephen Hawking, one of the most admired and brilliant theoretical physicists of the 20th century  Stephen was born on January 8, 1942. He is still living today.
 * __ Stephen Hawking __
 * Date of Birth: **

**Place of Birth:** Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England.

**What he is Known for:** He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology, the study of nature and how the universe began. Most of Stephen Hawking's contributions to cosmology were in the study of black holes, proportions of space-time where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape.

**Scientific Work:** Stephen Hawking proved the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking Radiation. In 1970, Hawking proved the first of many singularity theorems. A singularity theory is a theory that deals with these concepts, of cosmology . At the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, on 21 July, 2004 Hawking proved that black holes eventually transmit scrambled information about all matter they swallow. 

During his career at the University of Cambridge Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stephen worked in the field of cosmology, in the study of black holes, and seeking to understand how the universe began. Hawking's many other scientific investigations have included the study of quantum cosmology, cosmic inflation, helium production in anisotropic Big Bang universes, large N cosmology, the density matrix of the universe, topology and structure of the universe, baby universes, Yang-Mills instantons and the S matrix, anti de Sitter space, quantum entanglement and entropy, the nature of space and time, including the arrow of time, spacetime foam, string theory, supergravity, Euclidean quantum gravity, the gravitational Hamiltonian, Brans-Dicke and Hoyle-Narlikar, all theories of gravitation, gravitational radiation, and wormholes. ** Did you Know: **
 * Career: **
 * At the celebration of his 65th birthday on 8 January, 2007, Hawking announced his plan to take a zero-gravity flight in 2007 to prepare for a sub-orbital spaceflight in 2009 on Galactic's space service.
 * Since 1963 Stephen Hawking had suffered from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS aka Lou Gehrig’s disease: Was named after Yankee baseball player. ALS is a progressive disease that effects the nerve cells in the spinal cord and parts of the brain, causing loss of control of muscle movement.
 * Hawking's book, 'A Brief History of Time' that was published on 1 April, 1988, suprisingly became a best-seller and was followed by 'The Universe in a Nutshell'.
 * Hawking has played himself on a //Red Dwarf// anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on the episode "Descent" of //Star Trek: The Next Generation//, appeared in a skit on //Late Night with Conan O'Brien//, and appeared on the Discovery Channel special //Alien Planet//.
 * Stephen Hawking was born exactly 300 years after the death of Galileo Galile.


 * Medals Achieved:**
 * 1975 Eddington Medal
 * 1976 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society
 * 1979 Albert Einstein Medal
 * 1982 Order of the British Empire (Commander)
 * 1985 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
 * 1986 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
 * 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics
 * 1989 Prince of Asturias Awards in Concord
 * 1989 Companion of Honour
 * 1999 Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society
 * 2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University
 * 2006 Copley Medal of the Royal Society
 * 2008 Fonseca Price of the University of Santiago de Compostela
 * 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States


 * Citations: **
 * Hawking  **,**   Stephen   ." __Compton's by Britannica__. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition . 23 Sept. 2009 .
 * **Wikipedia, Free Online Encyclopedia**. "Stephen Hawking" [] Foundation, Inc.-. Web. Sept 23, 2009.
 * **Melissa McDaniel**. "Stephen Hawking, Revolutionary Phyicist" New York: Chelsea House, 1994. Print.